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Sequence 1E'fObdlon 'lhaly Clik.rzentmihalyi and Cnathlty by Mihaly Csiksr.ernmihalyi A Montessori Journey of Self by… |
Sequence 2WHAT Is NAMTA? The North American Montessori Teachers' Associa- tion provides a medium of study, interpretation, and… |
Sequence 3THE NAMTA JOURNAL VoL. 22, No. 2 • SPRING 1997 REDISCOVERING NORMALIZATION: DEEPENING THE MONTESSORI EXPERIENCE lo… |
Sequence 4REDISCOVERING NORMALIZATION: DEEPENING THE MONTESSORI EXPERIENCE ...,,., FOREWORD… |
Sequence 5Freedom-a/low control over the activity. To give more control and freedom gives even more interesting options. We must set… |
Sequence 6FOREWORD: FINDING FLOW IN MONTESSORI Imagine a river in time, a time span of one hundred years. On the one side there is… |
Sequence 7School gate in the village of Csikszentmihalyi, Transylvania 2 The NAMTA Journal • Vol. 22, No. 2 • Spring 1997 |
Sequence 8FLOW AND EDUCATION by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi PART ONE David [Kahn] is right. I told him that everybody should call me Mike… |
Sequence 9because I was born outside of there. One of my cousins who was there sent me a picture of the entrance gate to the school of… |
Sequence 10the trap-and when I say we, I mean psychologists who are studying children and learning-we fell into the trap of using the… |
Sequence 11Wall, and he finally got to what now is Beijing and took over. When the pager went off, the teacher wrote down that this was… |
Sequence 12in how the nerve cells work. I don't know why, but that's what he is interested in. Here is another one. He is in… |
Sequence 13THE CONDITIONS OF THE FLOW EXPERIENCE 1. Goals Are Clear-One knows at every moment . ' what one wants to do. 2.… |
Sequence 14But before we do that, let me talk a little bit about what these activities are like. After I did these original interviews,… |
Sequence 15information. That's why tl)e focused concentration means that you are only paying at- tention to what you are doing… |
Sequence 16One other characteristic that's very important is that when people get really involved in something that turns out to be… |
Sequence 17have. Another way of saying this is that the opportunities for action are in balance with the capacity to act. To make it very… |
Sequence 18something, you're probably going to slow down compared to the others. If you are climbing a mountain and you start… |
Sequence 19little defensive self, but you are part of something bigger, larger. If you sing in a choir or play with a group, a symphony… |
Sequence 20The interesting thing is that when those conditions are there, people tend to want to do what they did to get that feeling,… |
Sequence 21whenever a person is doing something which they enjoy doing and they want to do it for own sake, they seem to come up with the… |
Sequence 22skills, then you would be bored. The flow experience seems to occur in that diagonal; in fact, it does occur in the diagonal… |
Sequence 23so forth, and we find that, in fact, most positive experiences of flow occur when both challenges and skills are above their… |
Sequence 24with friends, social situations, or reading for pleasure. Worry and anxiety happen a lot in school; they happen a lot on the… |
Sequence 25flow state. I think you probably have already applied in your mind the notion, "OK, if those are the characteristics… |
Sequence 26they are so remote that they have really nothing to do with this moment, this class, this particular moment of the day. Your… |
Sequence 27,--------------------------------- -- -- When you are working with clay or you are working with paints, with music, etc.,… |
Sequence 28good and bad in your painting-then you will be able to persevere even without external recognition, external reward. But you… |
Sequence 29around. So the teacher doesn't have to beam an average message to the class, which is what happens in normal schools,… |
Sequence 30probably do it quite well, from what I can see, and that's not a problem in your type of schooling. The other thing to… |
Sequence 31loudspeaker and whatever. Children are not allowed to follow the organic development of their interest in a way that is… |
Sequence 32made a miserable passage in the slow part of that movement." He went back to play the second part of the concert and… |
Sequence 33greater in a Montessori than in a regular classroom, where we are afraid of giving kids control. Of course, in the Montessori… |
Sequence 34school system is not promoting lifelong learning, nor does our school system here, the regular school system. What you want… |
Sequence 35If a child, for instance, feels overwhelmed by the challenges present, if he's anxious, he or she is not going to… |
Sequence 36A: That seems to be a very important characteristic of teachers. From what we learned about which teachers students remember… |
Sequence 37periods needs it more than others. I think it's a question of paying attention to the child and realizing that at certain… |
Sequence 38A: That's really difficult because you find, for instance, there have been very good studies that show that if you get a… |
Sequence 39A: It's true that it's very difficult to be in flow all the time. Nobody that I know can be in flow all the time.… |
Sequence 40couple of different angles, one being parent education-that it's new language and a new way to talk about their child,… |
Sequence 41:iv-:- (,,~\· ,. ,, \ ,~ )"\ '"-::: .. • ' ,,_ Paul Klee, A Balance-Capriccio, 1923 36 The… |
Sequence 42FLOW AND EVOLUTION by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi PART 1 Now we get to the hardest part, because the first day I talked about… |
Sequence 43Tl'te mist~ken notio11 about complexity is that it means that things get more complicated. But that is not true. In fact… |
Sequence 44have used as a way to characterize what happens to the evolution of life or even before life, over enormously long periods of… |
Sequence 45Many people can be in extremely stimulating situations-in a ski re- sort, with an tndoor swimming pool, and cilll kinds of… |
Sequence 46different things. And yet it's so well integrated that you don't have to work at it. You have to just push the one… |
Sequence 47point A, with no skills practically and with the challenges very low. And then what happens? One of two things can happen.… |
Sequence 48things you could do. One is increasing complexity; the other, going back to your skill level and not taking on the new… |
Sequence 49Unfortunately, there are big differences in kids in terms of how autotelic they are. We have followed, for instance, just… |
Sequence 50And I said, "Well, don't worry. Just go out and stop people in the street and within half an hour you will find… |
Sequence 51are involved in activities that lead to complexity. In some sense, if you spend all your energy just folding sheets, that… |
Sequence 52things that we need to do to survive as a species generally have been programmed into our genetic inheritance as pleasurable… |
Sequence 53like other animals, because that's part of the genetic luck of the draw-we would evolve in some ways-but we wouldn… |
Sequence 54our own sake so that we don't have to put out much work; let others do work for us. These instructions are there, and I… |
Sequence 55forms of life, makes us able to do a lot of different things. It makes us able, for instance, to think of ourselves as a… |
Sequence 56through our consciousness, would never do. It forces us to do things which we would regret, which cause harm to others. It… |
Sequence 57three major sources of obstacles, which I like to think of as psychic entropy, entropy being the general designation for both… |
Sequence 58another egg. Biologists have been saying that our bodies are really just ways for the genes to replicate themselves and… |
Sequence 59increase. We may destroy ourselves; we may disintegrate this planet; we can kill every living thing on it if we don't… |
Sequence 60evolving society around us. That can be done through things like education, through the program you are doing, but also… |
Sequence 61every day and some once a week; some say, "I had one experience like that 20 years ago and that's it."… |
Sequence 62Q: Do you think it's actually possible to directly teach people to make the optimum choice when their skill levels and… |
Sequence 63clergymen from England who started visiting the Alps and wrote up how beautiful and majestic these things were, and they… |
Sequence 64The NAMTA Journal 59 |
Sequence 65Wassily Kandinsky, Composition VIII No. 260, 1923 60 The NAMTA Journal • Vol. 22, No. 2 • Spring 1997 |
Sequence 66FLOW AND CREATIVITY by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi PART 1 Thank you. Yes, it's difficult in a way to talk about creativity… |
Sequence 67. . . the notion that people could b~ creative really starts witb the Renaissance, to a certain extent, when Michelangelo… |
Sequence 68the U.S. This poet says, "What happens is the work becomes real. It's an alternative reality that suddenly is… |
Sequence 69question of technique or skill is quite obvious and essential in this kind of practice. The next one is again a poet. I have… |
Sequence 70Phases of the Creative Process In fact, as you probably know, the creative process is usually seen as made up of four phases… |
Sequence 71becomes clear. But the point is that you can't have that insight unless you have prepared for it for a long time. And… |
Sequence 72That lasted for a while. In this century, in addition to artists, we began to think of scientists as creative, which is again… |
Sequence 73The more I thought about it, the more I followed people from early careers to late careers and saw what happened to them, the… |
Sequence 74Figure 1: The Systems Model of Creativity Domain Provides Criteria for Selection Field Selects Novelty ✓ Person Introduces… |
Sequence 75domain of music, and music could be broken down into baroque music, jazz, and who knows how many different subdomains of… |
Sequence 76artists but very few of them go through the selection process that the field has. Why is that? First of all, who is the… |
Sequence 77I said, uoh my God, how can they use the word creative in connection with synchronized swimming?," which to me… |
Sequence 78excavating ruins and describing how to build. The techniques, the skills, the information about building and sculpting were… |
Sequence 79son to follow in his footsteps, but the son decided to join the goldsmith's guild because suddenly being an artist was… |
Sequence 80religion, etc. So the question is, to what extent is the field in your organization open to change? Sometimes a discipline or… |
Sequence 81QUESTIONS ANO ANSWERS Q: As Montessorians, how can we can get our work selected by the culture? A: Obviously, if I had a… |
Sequence 82Q: I just wanted to ask if I understand correctly that Creativity with a capital "C'' would be essentially… |
Sequence 83A: Gatekeepers usually develop historically in very funny ways. You don't know exactly who will be entitled to be a… |
Sequence 84A: I think in this struggle to be the one who defines the future of a domain-that is what we are talking about because once a… |
Sequence 85of years before the Catholic church finally had its act together, so to speak, and said, "This is what it is.&… |
Sequence 86Figure 2: Quality of Experience In the Family QI ,,, Cl) fU .!! '"" e QI > (V <… |
Sequence 87The other half, which I think is rather preferable, all things considered, was made of those with fathers and mothers who were… |
Sequence 88other four pharmacists in town helped him and allowed him to go and work with them after school, so he had the support too of… |
Sequence 89As they grew up in adolescence, almost all of these people felt, of course, marginal, because they did not conform to the… |
Sequence 90interesting is a list distilled from the study of these hundred people. Of course, the first one is familiar; we talked about… |
Sequence 91is, "Oh I am terribly lazy. And I wish I was less lazy because I could accomplish so much more if I wasn't so… |
Sequence 92Most works on creativity emphasize the rebelliousness, the icono- clastic nature of creativity. That is typical of the kind of… |
Sequence 93Every one of the people we interviewed has the same rhythm. It may be a daily rhythm, that is, they work alone from 7 in the… |
Sequence 94But in their private life, it is amazing how bourgeois these people are; they are not taking chances and being different just… |
Sequence 95are male characteristics. Creative men, on the other hand, besides being masculine, also have sensitivity, openness, empathy,… |
Sequence 96Creativity and Flow Now, to bring this and relate it back to flow. Of course, for instance, in the list here, both the first… |
Sequence 97The point is, though, that by learning what goes into flow and what goes into creativity, it's possible to change also… |
Sequence 98extraordinarily Creative people from the middle. Those would be people who have been exposed to the kind of stimulation that,… |
Sequence 99the kind of hardship, the feeling that you conquered it, you survived it. It's really sad that you can't do that. Q… |
Sequence 100I think there are some obstacles to being in flow, for instance ADD, Attention Deficit Disorder, whatever that is in terms of… |